In the early 1990s, students at the University of Abidjan were crowded into dormitories, struggling with poverty and caught up in political protests. They began singing about it, with rhythm, humour and a dance to go with it. They called it zouglou.
Zouglou became one of Côte d’Ivoire’s most important popular music styles.
Campus beginnings
Côte d’Ivoire’s economy was in crisis at the end of the 1980s, and the return to multiparty politics in 1990 brought protests and tension. University students, many from poor backgrounds, lived in difficult conditions. Their songs described the daily struggle of campus life.
Les Parents du Campus
One of the earliest zouglou groups was Les Parents du Campus, whose songs became hugely popular. Their music was simple, based on voices and percussion, with lyrics that mixed complaints with jokes.
Nouchi
Zouglou lyrics are often sung in Nouchi, the street slang of Abidjan, which mixes French with words from Ivorian languages and other sources. Nouchi gave the music a playful, urban feel and made it the voice of young people.
The dance
Zouglou has its own dance, with arms raised and movements that some describe as a gesture of prayer or appeal, reflecting the struggles in the songs.
Social commentary
Zouglou songs comment on politics, corruption, relationships, money and everyday life. Artists use humour to make criticism acceptable, and audiences recognise themselves in the stories.
The politics of zouglou
Zouglou emerged as Côte d’Ivoire moved from one-party rule to multiparty politics. Some songs supported student demands and criticised the authorities, and the music became part of a wider debate about the country’s future.
The music
Early zouglou was often performed with simple percussion, whistles and chanted choruses. Later groups added keyboards, guitars and studio production, but kept the call-and-response vocals.
Magic System
The most successful zouglou group, Magic System, from the Abidjan neighbourhood of Anoumabo, took the genre to international audiences with “1er Gaou”, recorded in 1999 and a hit in France around 2002.
Zouglou and coupé-décalé
In the 2000s, coupé-décalé, a faster, flashier style, overtook zouglou in popularity. Zouglou continued, often seen as the more thoughtful of the two.
Still relevant
Zouglou artists still release songs about Ivorian society. The genre that began in crowded student rooms remains a way for Ivorians to laugh at their problems while naming them.
